The path to SAFE II: inside the struggle to revamp Europe's defence financing tool

EU policymakers are weighing a SAFE II defence financing tool, with Eastern-flank states pushing for grants over loans. But the final SAFE I uptake, the development of the European defence industry, Ukraine's battlefield-driven tech edge and shifting warfare scenarios are shaping what comes next.

The path to SAFE II: inside the struggle to revamp Europe's defence financing tool
EU policymakers are weighing a SAFE II defence financing tool, with Eastern-flank states pushing for grants over loans. But the final SAFE I uptake, the development of the European defence industry, Ukraine's battlefield-driven tech edge and shifting warfare scenarios are shaping what comes next.

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